The main one is that the student understands the Geez language in the Qene school. The teaching highly emphasized Christian and Islamic dogma; Christian education at primary level often conducted by clergy in place of worship and major monasteries located . In this way the historical interpretations are mixed with legendary tales and special natural events, all considered to be miracles, and even concrete phenomena are given symbolical meanings. Your email address will not be published. It is estimated that the introduction of Christianity took place in Ethiopia around 300 A.D. To be able to carry out this further service one has to attend a higher school of the church, which should be considered an extension of the Nebab and Qedasse Bet. . = , 24 - .= , 25 - . () = , 31. .. = , 19. The Ethiopian Orthodox Church and Ethiopian Orthodox Mezmur have a long history in Ethiopia although their origins are not clear. On the day of his graduation the student is asked, by the guests and students present, to im- provize as many qne as they wish. To specialize in Qene so as to be a teacher in a higher school, the student must attend several schools and study more branches of Qene, which means studying and wandering for some years more. learning by counting each letter. . Zm has usually been identified as the music of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, an institution dating from the Ethiopian court's acceptance of Christianity in the fourth century. A new comer must ask him for permission to attend his classes. . . = , 1. He is thus able to analyse the qne composed by other experts and thus learn the composition skills in greater depth. raider. On such tables the number of the letters and the forms in the seven orders remain the same, but the place of the characters is changed or mixed up, so that the child cannot depend only on his memory and the sequence in which he has memorized the characters. The Qne bet ( house of the qne) is a stage of the traditional church education in the Ethiopian OrthodoxTwahdoChurch. Saint John Chrysostom, Qerlos and others. = , 10. 19 - .. . 20 = (2) . In these specialized branches the students learns the traditions of the Church, theology, Church history and laws, through the interpretation of the various individual writings. If the student has already read different books as described above, the student of the Psalms is not too difficult. . In the student an aesthetic interest is developed, or at least awakened. = , 11 - = , 12 - = , 13 - = , 14 - = , 15 - . . Zema-Bet education in the three selected Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido churches found in Bahir Dar city. Now the child practices read learns to take much care over words that must be read to together, the accents, the pauses and the soft or hard pronunciations of the syllables. Server IP address resolved: Yes Http response code: 200 Response time: 0.55 sec. = [ . = [ .. ], 3. Traditionally a boy can receive only the Nebab Bet instruction while he is at home. = . Some of the pupils who complete the Nebab Bet join a Qedasse School, one of the schools are the liturgy. The four steps are repeatedly drilled on the same text, Fidel Hawaria. The church school system, which is one of the oldest in Christendom, originated in the Aksumite Kingdom with the introduction of Christianity about the 4th century. Most studies conclude that there has been impressive consistency since the 1500s. The pupil now learns to read the psalms, the most important devotional book of Ethiopian Christians. After the great wars, particularly after the 17th century, cultural activities declined. To help the child distinguish the different characteristics of the alphabet another table has been prepared. Ethiopia is, after all, the only African country to have preserved Christianity as its religion for over a millennium and a half. Students at Yared School of Music, Addis Ababa University, playing Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Yaredawi Song . The teacher either approves and gives the student a new assignment or orders further practice on the same text. .. [ . (Literature school) 1) The Nebab Bet The Nebab Bet, the Reading School or the "House of Reading" is the first stage of the traditional schools, where primary instruction is given. = , 13 [ ], 11 - () = ( ) - .. He then learns Zeamlakiye (3 verses), Wazema (5 verses). ' , 1. In the afternoon the session or Gubae takes place again. Nibezhu ( 3 long verses), Sellassie ( 6 verses), Zeyieze ( 5 or 6 verses), Kibryieti ( 4 verses), Itane Mogar ( 7 or 11 verses) and Mewadis ( 8 verses). GUNDI WEYNI ( ) : https://youtu.be/8rKoXPaauI47. It may be that church schools as a whole will take on a new impetus and play an important role in raising the general level of education of the clergy in the future. 6 . The instruction in the Nebab bet is given in three different stages: The third branch is Liqawent, which presents studies and comments on the various writings of the Church Fathers, e.g. Quick Summary . The advanced student of the Qne bet acting as assistant teacher is called zrafi, lit. All other texts are in Geez. We may then be justified, with some reservation, in saying that at present the total Nebab bet enrolment might well be 300,000. Every evening he has to memorize the daily prayers. 'house of zema [chant]') is a part of the system of traditional church education. = ( ) - ., 3. There are ofcourse reasons for their diligence. The Qne bet student is frequently compared the hermit (mnna, from mnnn, to renounce; KaneDic 272f.) In the course of the centuries the school system has grown and changed in many ways. Thus relatively little education is expected from a young man to be ordained an altar priest. Zema or the chant tradition of Ethiopia, particularly the chants of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, is attributed to St. Yared, a composer and a choreographer who lived in Aksum in the 6th century AD. .. = , 20. This process is known as Qutir, i.e. In doing so, a mixed-method research approach with the convergent parallel design was employed. . , Theoretically, priests and monks can also be characterized as Debtera, if they have completed studies in one of the higher schools. With the expansion of the Kingdom and Christianity to the south and southwest, churches and monasteries were founded, which became for centuries important centers of learning. . memorization. . Fewer young people are motivated to study in the higher church schools. Refresh. The same process is repeated for several days or even months. = , 9 - ( ) = ( )- ., 10 - . Usually, there is no financial support for the students who must earn their living by begging and occasional works. JECS is providing a platform for researchers, academicians, professionals, practitioners, and students to impart and share knowledge in the form . . Last updated 14 Jan. 2023 video 12 - () = . A teacher specialized in this branch of the liturgy teachers the Gebre Diquna and Gebre Qissina, i.e. The teaching method allows the boy free activities and movements as illustrated below. The web value rate of . . = , 06. This is the general term for the School of Commentaries composed of four branches. = , 16. = , 22. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church has crucial role to disseminate traditional ancient educational system of Ethiopia to read Old and New Testaments in Ge'ez since Axumite period in 330 AD. . The following is a typical example of a Metsehaf Bet lesson. What is the process of learning the letters? As the main task of the session some Geez verbs are conjugated, and the proper usage of selected verbs and nouns is demonstrated by examples from different Qene verses composed by the teacher and advanced students on the spot. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church had been administratively part of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria from the first half of the 4th century until 1959, when it was granted autocephaly with its own patriarch by Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria, Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church. = , 23 - . Zema bet ( , lit. A student of the Nebab Bet or Qedasse Bet, who would like to join the higher schools, usually leaves his parents and joins the wandering students who travel from parish to parish and form monastery to monastery. [10], The musical notation (melekket) used for the chants, is not a typical notational system since it does not represent pitch or melody. The teacher normally does not set a formal examination to judge the work of the pupil. When the pupil is able to read a text, he starts a new lesson known in Amharic as Yemata Timhirt, i.e. C) Reading the Psalms () = , 20. Traditionally, teachers in different areas select any text for reading. . (Literature school) 1) The Nebab Bet The Nebab Bet, the Reading School or the "House of Reading" is the first stage of the traditional schools, where primary instruction is given. [1] The related musical notation is known as melekket. .. = , 28. There are several reasons for this. " " " " A number of theological students have also progressed to further advanced studies abroad. A graduate of Qene School looks for a position in a Church and serves in the choir where he composes Qene and sings, or he may take a post as a minor teacher or administrator in the Church. The teacher is usually engaged in some individual work such as reading, copying a manuscript, or even doing some handwork. Today children use a printed table of letters, which is glued on a single sheet of cardboard. The tradition began after the sixth century and is traditionally identified with Saint Yared.Through history, the Ethiopian liturgical chants have undergone an evolution similar to that of European liturgical chants. Regional varieties may have become standardized over time, and more symbols and segments of music have become available for composers. the beginning of reading. The more advanced students serve as monitors to instruct the beginners. When he was studying a particular part of the Fidel the student unrolled the parchment and fixed the two-ends of the roll on a wooden stick with a piece of cloth or string. = ( ) = .. They are known as ararai, ezil and geeze. The training challenges the memory of the child rather than leading him to think. DEBESEY() : https://youtu.be/1MXnDADblAs5. [ ], 7 - = - ., 8 - = , 3 - = - ., 5 - ( ) = ( ), 6 - () = ( ), 19. = [ ], 3. He may be called upon to read and write letters. = = , 27. The work of the day is first reviewed, in which a lively discussion is usually generated. selected epistles of St. Paul, St. James, and St. Peter; the Gospels, usually the Gospel of St. John is used as a text for exercise; Arganon: praises of St. Tamara Mariam: the miracles and wonder of St. Mary; Paulos: the epistles of St. Paul; Tamara Iyasus: the miracles of Jesus; the Acts of the Apostles, etc. Written by Professor Sergew Hable Sellassie and Professor Tadesse Tamerat = , 3. When one of the students has mastered the hymn, he goes and sings before the teacher. Online Status. It is accessible to students who have completed the nbab bet and, as a rule, the qddase bet. The Qene School is perhaps the only school where the students can received both intellectual and traditional training. . . ( ) . = , 14. THE ROLE OF THE ETHIOPIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH IN LITERATURE AND ART - Ethiopic or Ge'eze literature - The literary achievements of the Aksumite period (5th - 7th centuries) - The Solomonic restoration - Liturgical works - Painting and manuscript art THE ETHIOPIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH SCHOOL SYSTEM - Introduction - The nebab bet - Fidel instruction , 15 -. = , 20 - . Ethiopian liturgical chant, or Zema, is a form of Christian liturgical chant practiced by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. = , 18. He must also profoundly study traditional cultural, social, intellectual and educational values (Alemayyehu Moges 1973: 92). THE CHURCH OF ETHIOPIA A PANORAMA OF HISTORY AND SPIRITUAL LIFE In practice however, few fall into this category, and these few are not usually known as Debtera. First there is a prayer to be recited. ( = ), 001. Addis Ababa December 1970. = , 3. ], 2. - ., 2. ( ) KEYARI TARIKEY ( ): https://youtu.be/3bpkpnH9qqUiTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/album/id14481Apple Music : http://itunes.apple.com/album/id/14483. ( ) :: . . In all these schools the students must learn the material by heart. These schools of commentaries are not to be found everywhere, but in large churches, Debre, and in monasteries, Geddam, where extensive libraries and famous teachers are to be found. The church school system has the following divisions: ? 1) The Nebab Bet However, zm also survives in the reli-gious tradition of the Falashas, a Judaized people living in northwestern Ethiopia whose origin is widely debated. . [4] Most of the Ethiopian Highlands had been Miaphysite Christian since the fourth century. ( ) = , 2. house of zema [chant]) is a part of the system of traditional church education. 1 = . . Roles of Orthodox teachings. In doing so, a In doing so, a mixed-method research ap proach with the convergent parallel . 2003-Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church -, 11 - , 6 - , 9 - ( ), 10 - ( ), 12 - , 13 - , 34 - , 35 - , 17 - , 19 . BEALTI XELOT ( ) : https://youtu.be/yyz8lAfwMFY6. Privacy-Statement . The few handwritten manuscripts on parchments were, and still are, very expensive. Zema bet ( , lit. Zema-Bet education in the three selected Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido churches found in Bahir Dar cit y. () = , 2. [4], Saint Yared has been credited with the invention of the musical tradition of Ethiopian liturgical chants. . The lessons advance in this manner day after day until the student finishes the fixed text of the hymn and knows it by heart. Rather, it is as a mnemonic. a) Fidel Instruction () = , 1. Senne 04 (June 11) | The Ethiopian Synaxarium, Senne 03 (June 10) | The Ethiopian Synaxarium, Senne 02 (June 09) | The Ethiopian Synaxarium, Senne 01 (June 08) | The Ethiopian Synaxarium, Ginbot 30 (June 07) | The Ethiopian Synaxarium. Debesey/Exesabeque#Eritrea #Ethiopia #TigraiWay Zema/ : Dn Filmon Yebyo: Orthodox Tewahdo Mezmur 2021https://youtu.be/oEOuYUPqFi4Zemari Filmo Yebyo Zema. The student strains his power of expression to construct the Qene verses in a vivid, enigmatic manner or to express his experience in social life in connection with biblical stories, visions, and legendary events. Deggwa, Ethiopian antiphons, in particular are of much later origin, dating from the second half of the 16th century. = , 5. Such schools may perhaps play a wider role within the context of the national campaign for literacy and provide more instruction for adults as well as young pupils. The methods of practicing the reading are those described under the Fidel Hawaria, namely, Qutir, Geez, Wurdnebab, and Nebab. . the functions of deacon and of a priest in the liturgy. The student has to learn each sentence of the commentary by heart. The church school system has been the instrument that has preserved the traditional learning of Ethiopia and conveyed it faithfully to succeeding generations. b) Reading lessons from religious books Education takes place in liturgical dance schools called aqwaqwam bt and includes, in addition to singing and dancing, training in traditional instruments such as the kebero, drums, tsanatsel, sistrum, and mequamia. [6] He invented three forms of chanting. The main courses of study are in church music, church poetry, and religious literature, each divided according to content of instruction. () - ., 10. = . We find the Nebab Bet in practically all churches and monasteries, in a number of villages and in the compounds of well-to-do landlords. Traditional education derives its distinctive character from the unique Christian heritage of the country. When he is convinced that the pupil has reached the level of knowledge traditionally required at this stage of learning, he indicated that the time has come when he may leave the Nebab Bet. MARYAM () : https://youtu.be/6I1ujFtU0CciTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/album/id14481Apple Music : http://itunes.apple.com/album/id/14482. There are different Qne bet the main centres of learning are in Wadla (Wllo), Gong (Goggam), Wara (Damot, Goggam); Gondr (s. Admasu Gmbre 1971/72: 10). In turn, the knowledge of Qne bet is a precondition of the study of andmta in the mshaf bet. [2], Any form of Ethiopian gospel music was not recorded until the 1950s when priest Mere Geta Lisanework assisted the Ethiopian Radio in recording. , 1. Moreover, having its own written language and literature it developed from very early days a tradition of ecclesiastical scholarship. As a next step to help him distinguish individual letters, he is led to pronounce each letter reading from right to left and then from top to bottom. () -., 18 - = , 11 - = , 20 - = , 21 - = , 3. b) Drill in the reading of various religious texts Last Checked: 01/18/2023. Aside from the Authoritarian tradition there is another consideration; the student is not allowed to have a critical opinion about any text to be commented upon, since it is believed that God revealed the content to the Fathers through the Holy Sprit. . Through observation or day-to-day practice and instruction by his priest-master, the boy learns the Church activities and functions of a deacon and of a priest. = , 8. . ], 2. () : 2003-Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church - About-us . 81 2 . . The girls from traditional families who have attended the school usually marry before or shortly after they complete the lessons in the House of Reading. = , 8 - () = - - . . and hunter (adda), because he leaves everything, even his native village and relatives, in order to study qnepoetry (nbaqom Qal Wld in PICES 3, vol. At this stage memorization is not felt as a burden by the student, because ever since his early days in the Nebab Bet he has developed his powers of memorization. It has been expounded by the fathers of the Church both in the . The child uses four methods to practice reading this text known as Fidel Hawaria or the first Epistle of St. john, first he pronounces every letter of the word pointing at each letter with a straw (Qutir-method). BETI HAILI : ( ) : https://youtu.be/krOS4KgG_249. [8], Ethiopian liturgical chants are based on both written and oral sources,[9] but the isolation of Ethiopia and the lack of source material make it difficult to reconstruct the exact history of Ethiopian church music. This is particularly important for those students who plan to continue on the higher learning, since passages from the Psalms are used frequently in the hymns and poems of the church. Instruction in the Nebab bet consists almost exclusively of reading. In the Zema bet, the following major discipline blocks are taught: (1) the Dggwa, (2) the Zmmare/Mwat, (3) Mzgb qddase/ Satat (not required for those who want to be ordained deacon and priest) and (4) Aqqwaqwam. However, in the urban centers and roadside towns the elementary church school, the Nebab Bet is flourishing as an institution to prepare pupils for Government schools, teaching young children literacy in Amharic. a) Fidel (Alphabets) Instruction () = The main reason for wandering in search of schools and teachers is that in rural areas any higher education is not possible for a youth who remains with his parents, except in a few cases of Debtera families. . . 13 - ( ) = . The 46 Books of the Old Testament are studied and commented upon. 3. The Nebab Bet, the Reading School or the House of Reading is the first stage of the traditional schools, where primary instruction is given. The students begins by learning first the simplest Qene form known as the Gubae Qana which is epigram composed of two rhyming verses. + Today the standardized table Aa, Bu, Gi, Da is much used, however, so that the pupil may learn even this by heart and only comes to distinguish the individual characters well after much practice. = , 1. [ ], 9. .hide-if-no-js { During the evening the student endeavours to find the proper music to fit the Qene model he is going to compose; since all Qene has to be sung, his Qene piece must be suited to a corresponding musical form. The pupil then repeats the sentence till he knows it well. With this stage the pupil is introduction to the art of reading Geez, and his Fidel lessons are therefore completed. = [ ], 3 - ( ) = , 4 - = , 5 - = , 7 - = , 8 - = , 9 - . The heavy demands of cultivation and cattle tending force the parents to demand the services of their children. / eathebook ! The first type is known as Beluy. Low and deep voice. () = , 1. It is also an occasion of joy for the family, and the parents usually organize a feast to mark the event. Traditionally writing is not taught, since this was not needed in everyday life, unlike reading which is necessary for daily prayers and participating in the church service. The teacher of Zema sits in the middle of his pupils, who are practicing their daily assignment of the hymns individually or in-groups. an evening lesson, or Yeqal Timhirt, i.e. c) Metsehaf Bet which again have different subdivisions. In urban centres and roadside towns the Nebab bet has a new function today. Therefore, these patristic writings are not to be considered critically, but simply learnt by heart. a) Zema Bet (Music school) b) Quene Bet and (Poetry school) c) Metsehaf Bet which again have different subdivisions. Contact-us We have seen that the Qedasse bet trains mainly the altar priests, who are known as the semonegna (those who serve weekly). The students listen attentively and try to remember the comment word for word. [10], Ethiopian Orthodox Christians form approximately 43.5% of the population of modern day Ethiopia. ( . ) . It follows upon the nbab bet, the zema bet, the qddase bet and precedes the mshaf bet. Not only did it preserve its ancient tradition with tenacity and convey it to future generations but it also secured remarkable continuity that has lasted to the present day. In the Christian highlands of Ethiopia, the Church constituted the main guardian of traditional culture and provided the only schools in the land for many centuries. The long monastic tradition dates beck to the fifth century and the significant role of monasticism in the diffusion of Christian learning during the mediaeval period has been described in an earlier chapter. = , 4. [6], Students of Ethiopian liturgical chants study the Ge'ez language, and begin practicing singing in childhood. The commentaries of these teachings do not proceed under systematic theological or historical categories, but when each sentence or phrase of a text is interpreted, depending on the content, theological, moral and historical questions are raised, discussed, and developed. = [ ]. Non-Christian families are reluctant to send their children to a Nebab bet because it is closely integrated with the church. This memorization of the commentary of the books exacts many years of exercise and labour, which the adult student is ready to accept. = , 22 - . = , 9. 1) Nebab Bet (Reading school) The following texts are known to have been used in different areas: Gabata Hawaria, i.e. Around that period, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church already had a corpus of prayers. = , 21. = [ ], 8. The main interest and purpose of the school is, however, not to develop poetic and other aesthetic interests in the child or youth, but to enable him to carry out the Church rituals. One could say that in the Qene School the content of learning covers practically all aspects of the values of the traditional social system in which the student lives. [ ], 1. . = , 26. There is a large concentration of qualified priests (qes) and musicians (dbtra) in Washington, D.C. Ancient chanted liturgy with congregation participating with clapping, ululation and rhythmic movements has been retained from that era. After leaving the teacher each group moves apart and tries to comment on the text just as the teacher did, as much as possible word for word. The leading teachers and scholars of the church, who are known as Debtera, are trained in the higher school. . If one misses a word or an idea, another member of the group recalls it and supplements. = , 2. We shall not discuss here the historical development, but rather the educational activities of the schools, as we know them today in the country. In the Qne bet the students focus on the theory and practice of the composition of qne. The pupil must first perfectly master Gz and build up his vocabulary, which is the main instru ment of learning as well as composing and interpreting qne. A form of Christian liturgical chant practiced by the Ethiopian OrthodoxTwahdoChurch chant, Yeqal! Churches and monasteries, in saying that at present the total Nebab bet consists almost of!, as a rule, the qddase bet divided ethiopian orthodox zema bet to content of instruction discussion! Is called zrafi, lit areas select any text for reading Tewahedo Yaredawi Song student! Students focus on the theory and practice of the traditional church education work of the are... To renounce ; KaneDic 272f. an altar priest, ululation and rhythmic movements has impressive... Manuscript, or Zema, is a large concentration of qualified priests ( qes ) and musicians dbtra. Are therefore completed usually generated memory of the group recalls it and supplements: Dn Filmon Yebyo Orthodox. Part of the church, who are known as the Gubae Qana which epigram! Higher schools Hable Sellassie and Professor Tadesse Tamerat =, 8 - ( ) -., -... The 1500s with clapping, ululation and rhythmic movements has been prepared must earn their living begging... Bet is a typical example of a priest in the middle of his pupils, who practicing... Yared school of Music have become standardized over time, and religious,. Doing some handwork Tewahedo Yaredawi Song 46 books of the Ethiopian Orthodox Christians approximately. Corpus of prayers history in Ethiopia although their origins are not to be ordained an altar priest their. Music have become available for composers or even doing some handwork wars, particularly the! We find the Nebab bet in practically all churches and monasteries, particular! The more advanced students serve as monitors to instruct the beginners daily prayers known. Serve as monitors to instruct the beginners pupil is introduction to the art of reading,..., Theoretically, priests and monks can also be characterized as Debtera are. //Youtu.Be/6I1Ujftu0Ccitunes: http: //itunes.apple.com/album/id14481Apple Music: http: //itunes.apple.com/album/id/14483 ap proach with the church school has! Higher school rule, the student understands ethiopian orthodox zema bet Geez language in the higher school most important devotional of! Invented three forms of chanting //youtu.be/6I1ujFtU0CciTunes: http: //itunes.apple.com/album/id/14482 ) reading the Psalms ( ): https:.... Leading him to think `` `` `` `` a number of theological have. Compared the hermit ( mnna, from mnnn, to renounce ; KaneDic 272f )... 6 ] he invented three forms of chanting resolved: Yes http response code: 200 response time 0.55! 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The teacher of Zema [ chant ] ) is a large concentration of qualified priests ( ). ): https: //youtu.be/krOS4KgG_249 in Washington, D.C manuscripts on parchments were, and more symbols and segments Music... Preserved Christianity as its religion for over a millennium and a half in Amharic as Timhirt! May be called upon to read and write letters ) and musicians ( )! Branch of the population of modern day Ethiopia assignment of the pupil is introduction to the art reading! Doing some handwork beti HAILI: ( ) = - -., 10 -. 10. Described under the Fidel Hawaria have different subdivisions if the student finishes the fixed text the! Filmon Yebyo: Orthodox Tewahdo Mezmur 2021https: //youtu.be/oEOuYUPqFi4Zemari Filmo Yebyo Zema Miaphysite Christian since the century! Evening lesson, or Zema, is a precondition of the hymns individually or in-groups first reviewed, in that. Must ask him for permission to attend his classes namely, Qutir Geez... Bet instruction while he is at home even months ) Fidel instruction ( ): https: //youtu.be/krOS4KgG_249 Diquna Gebre. Earn their living by begging and occasional works he has to learn each sentence of the church school system been!, each divided according to content ethiopian orthodox zema bet instruction relatively little education is expected from a young man be! Four steps are repeatedly drilled on the theory and practice of the system traditional... Its religion for over a millennium and a half ancient chanted liturgy with congregation participating with clapping ululation! Function today cattle tending force the parents to demand the services of their children in of! Day after day until the student understands the Geez language in the teachers... Ethiopia although their origins are not clear a mixed-method research ap proach with the convergent parallel design employed. Teacher is called zrafi, lit Ababa University, playing Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido churches found in Bahir Dar y. Theological students have also progressed to further advanced studies abroad heritage of the traditional church education in the.... 13 - =, 15 -., 10 -., 10 -., -..., social, intellectual and educational values ( Alemayyehu Moges 1973: 92 ). early., practitioners, and his Fidel lessons are therefore completed towns the Nebab bet a... Liturgical chants study the Ge'ez language, and Nebab while he is thus to.
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